http://hanf-aktivisten.de/?tag=ehec
Hanfdoktor
HIV und Neuropathien
Studien und Fallberichte
Stand: 1.August 2008
Sie finden wissenschaftliche Informationen zu denmeisten Studien in englisch unter Database on ClinicalStudies and Case Reports
· Verbesserungder Symptome bzw. positiver Tenor der Autoren
o Keinerelevante Veränderung der Symptome bzw. negativer Tenor der Autoren
v Verschlechterung derSymptome
Das Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol fördert die Spermienentwicklung durch die Aktivierung von Cannabinoid-2-Rezeptoren
Mauro Maccarrone
Abteilung für Biomedizinische Wissenschaften, Universität Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italien, & Europäisches Zentrum für Hirnforschung/Santa-Lucia-Stiftung, 00143 Rom, Italien
Die genaue Rolle des Endocannabinoidsystems (ECS) während der Spermatogenese ist nicht geklärt. Wissenschaftler der Tor-Vergata-Universität von Rom (Italien) und der Endocannabinoid-Forschungsgruppe des Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Pozzuoli, Italien) haben gereinigte Keimzellfraktionen, die repräsentativ für alle Phasen der Spermatogenese sind, und Primärkulturen von Spermatogonien verwendet, um nachzuweisen, dass männliche Keimzellen von Mäusen ein aktives und vollständiges ECS besitzen [Grimaldi et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:11131-6]. Sie fanden, dass eine autokrine Endocannabinoid-Signalgebung während der Spermatogenese funktionsfähig sein könnte, und dass das ECS während der Meiose moduliert wird, mit maximalen Spiegeln des Endocannabinoids 2-Arachidonoylglycerol vor der Meiose. Zudem wurde gezeigt, dass das Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonylglycerol die Entwicklung der Meiose von Keimzellen durch eine Aktivierung von Typ-2-Cannabinoidrezeptoren (CB2) und dadurch eine Zunahme der Expression von frühen meiotischen Prophase-Gene fördert.
Studien und Fallberichte
Stand: 1.August 2008
Sie finden wissenschaftliche Informationen zu denmeisten Studien in englisch unter Database on ClinicalStudies and Case Reports
· Verbesserungder Symptome bzw. positiver Tenor der Autoren
o Keinerelevante Veränderung der Symptome bzw. negativer Tenor der Autoren
v Verschlechterung derSymptome
· ArtimR, DiBella N. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) plus prochlorperazine (PCZ) forrefractory nausea and vomiting (N/V). Proceedings of theAmerican Society for Clinical Oncology 1983;2:84.
· Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, Goldberg NH,Seipp CA, Barofsky I. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetics in cancerpatients receiving high-dose methotrexate. Annals of Internal Medicine1979;91:819-824.
o Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, Goldberg NH,Seipp CA, Barofsky I, Rosenberg SA.. A prospective evaluation ofdelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycinand cytoxan chemotherapy. Cancer1981; 47: 1746-1751.
· Colls BM, Ferry DG, Gray AJ, Harvey VJ, McQueenEG. The antiemetic activity of tetrahydrocanabinol versus metoclopramide andthiethylperazine in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. New ZealandMedical Journal 1980;91:449-451.
· Ekert H, Waters KD, Jurk KH, Mobilia J,Loughnan P. Ameriloration of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting bydelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Medical Journal of Australia 1979;2:657-659.
· Frytak S, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, Rubin J,Creagan ET, O'Connnell MJ. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetics forpatients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine anda placebo. Annals of Internal Medicine 1979;91:825-830.
· Gralla RJ, Tyson LB, Bordin LA, Clark RA,Kelsen DP, Kris MG. Antiemetic therapy: a review of recent studies and a reportof a random assignment trial comparing metoclopramide withdelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Cancer Treatment Report 1984;68:163-172.
· Kluin-Nelemans JC, Nelemans FA, MeuwissenOJATh, Maes RAA. D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic inpatients treated with cancer chemotherapy; a double-blind cross-over trialagainst placebo. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 1979;21:338-340.
· Lane M, Vogel CL, Ferguson J, Krasnow S, SaiersJL, Hamm J. Dronabinol and prochlorperazine in combination for treatment ofcancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Journal of Pain and SymptomManagement 1991;6:352-359.
· Levitt M, Faiman C, Hawks R, Wilson A.Randomized double blind comparison of delta-9-tetrahydroicannabinol (THC) andmarijuana as chemotherapy antiemetics. Proceedings of the American Society forClinical Oncology 1984;3:91.
· Levitt M, Wilson A, Bowman D, Faiman C, KemelS, Krepart G. Dose vs response of tetrahydroannabinol (THC) vs prochlorperazineas chemotherapy antiemetics. Proceedings of the American Society for ClinicalOncology 1981;22:422.
· McCabe M, Smith FP, Goldberg D, Macdonald J,Woolley PV, Warren R. Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractoryto standard anti-emetic therapy. Investigational New Drugs 1988;6:243-246.
· Neidhart JA, Gagen MM, Wilson HE, Young DC.Comparative trial of the antiemetic effects of THC and haloperidol. International Journal of ClinicalPharmacology Research 1981; 21: 38-42S.
· Orr LE, McKernan JF, Bloome B. Antiemeticeffect of tetrahydrocannabinol. Compared with placebo and prochlorperazine inchemotherapy-associated nausea and emesis. Archives of Internal Medicine1980;140:1431-433.
· Sallan SE, Cronin C, Zelen M, Zinberg NE. Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. A randomizedcomparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine. New EnglandJournal of Medicine 1980;302:135-138.
· Sallan SE, Zinberg NE, Frei E. Antiemeticeffect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancerchemotherapy. New England Journal of Medicine 1975;293:795-797.
· Ungerleider JT, Andrysiak T, Fairbanks L,Goodnight J, Sarna G, Jamison K. Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy. A comparisonof oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine. Cancer 1982;50:636-645.
· Ungerleider JT, Sarna G, Fairbanks LA,Goodnight J, Andrysiak T, Jamison K. THC or compazine for the cancerchemotherapy patient - the UCLA study. Part II: patient drug preference.American Journal of Clinical Oncology 1985; 8: 142-147.
· Meiri E, Jhangiani H, Vredenburgh JJ, BarbatoLM, Carter FJ, Yang HM, Baranowski V. Efficacy of dronabinol alone and incombination with ondansetron versus ondansetron alone for delayedchemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23(3):533-43.
· Levitt M, Faiman C, Hawks R, Wilson A.Randomized double blind comparison of delta-9-tetrahydroicannabinol (THC) andmarijuana as chemotherapy antiemetics. Proceedings of the American Society forClinical Oncology 1984;3:91.
· Ahmedzai S, Carlyle DL, Clader IT, Moran F.Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lungcancer chemotherapy. British Journal of Cancer 1983;48:657-663.
· Chan HS, Correia JA, MacLeod SM. Nabiloneversus prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis inchildren: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 946-952
· Crawford SM, Buckman R. Nabilone andmetoclopramide in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to cisplatinum: adouble blind study. Medical Oncologyand Tumor Pharmacotherapy 1986; 3: 39-42.
· Cunningham D,Bradley CJ, Forrest GJ, Hutcheon AW, Adams L, Sneddon M, et al. A randomizedtrial of oral nabilone and prochlorperazine compared to intravenousmetoclopramide and dexamethasone in the treatment of nausea and vomitinginduced by chemotherapy regimens containing cisplatin or cisplatin analogues.European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 1988; 24: 685-689.
· DalzellAM, Bartlett H, Lilleyman JS. Nabilone: An alternativeantiemetic for cancer chemotherapy. Archives of Disease in Childhood1986;61:502-505.
· Einhorn LH, Nagy C, Furnas B, Williams SD.Nabilone: an effective antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 Aug-Sep;21(8-9 Suppl):64S-69S.
· George M, Pejovic MH, Thuaire M, Kramar A,Wolff JP. Randomized comparative trial of a new anti-emetic: nabilone, incancer patients treated with cisplatin. Biomedicineand Pharmacotherapy 1983; 37: 24-27.
· HermanTS, Einhorn LH, Jones SE, Nagy C, Chester AB, Dean JC, et al. Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic inpatients receiving cancer chemotherapy. NewEngland Journal of Medicine 1979; 300: 1295-1297.
· Johansson R, Kilkku P, Groenroos M. Adouble-blind, controlled trial of nabilone vs prochlorperazine for refractoryemesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. CancerTreatment Reviews 1982; 9: 25-33.
· Jones SE, Durant JR, Greco FA, Robertone A. Amulti-institutional phase III study of nabilone vs placebo inchemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Treatment Reviews 1982; 9: 45-48
· Levitt M. Nabilone vs placebo in the treatmentof chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Cancer Treatment Reviews 1982;9(suppl B): 49-53.
· Nagy CM, Furnas BE, Einhorn LH, Bond WH.Nabilone: antiemetic crossover study in cancer chemotherapy patients.Proceedings of the American Society for Cancer Research 1978;19:30.
· NiederleN, Schutte J, Schmidt CG. Crossover comparison of theantiemetic efficacy of nabilone and alizapride in patients with nonseminomatoustesticular cancer receiving cisplatin therapy. Klinische Wochenschrift 1986; 64: 362-365.
· Niiranen Aila, Mattson K. A cross-overcomparison of nabilone and prochlorperazine for emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy.American Journal of Clinical Oncology 1985;8:336-340.
· Pomeroy M, Fennelly JJ, Towers M. Prospectiverandomized double-blind trial of nabilone versus domperidone in the treatmentof cytotoxic-induced emesis. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology1986;17:285-288.
· Priestman SG, Priestman TJ, Canney PA. Adouble-blind randomised cross-over comparison of nabilone and metoclopramide inthe control of radiation-induced nausea. ClinicalRadiology 1987; 38: 543-544.
· Steele N, Gralla RJ, Braun Jr DW, Young CW.Double-blind comparison of the antiemetic effects of nabilone andprochlorperazine on chemotherapy-induced emesis. Cancer Treatment Report 1980; 64: 219-224.
· Wada JK, Bogdon DL, Gunnell JC, Hum GJ, GotaCH, Rieth TE. Double-blind, randomized, crossover trial of nabilone vs. placeboin cancer chemotherapy. CancerTreatment Reviews 1982; 9(Suppl B): 39-44
· Citron ML, Herman TS, Vreeland F, Krasnow SH,Fossieck BE, Jr. Antiemetic efficacy of levonantradol compared todelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Cancer Treatment Reports 1985;69:109-112.
· HigiM, Niederle N, Bremer K, Schmitt G, Schmidt CG, Seeber S. Levonantradol bei derBehandlung von zytostatika-bedingter Übelkeit und Erbrechen. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift1982; 107: 1232-1234.
· HutcheonAW, Palmer JB, Soukop M, Cunningham D, McArdle C, Welsh J, et al. A randomised multicentre single blind comparison of a cannabinoidanti-emetic (levonantradol) with ychlorpromazine in patients receiving theirfirst cytotoxic chemotherapy. EuropeanJournal for Cancer and Clinical Oncology 1983; 19: 1087-1090
· Stambaugh Jr JE, McAdams J, Vreeland F. Doseranging evaluation of the antiemetic efficacy and toxicity of intramuscularlevonantradol in cancer subjects with chemotherapy-induced emesis. International Journal of ClinicalPharmacology Research1984; 24: 480-485
· Abrahamov A, Abrahamov A, Mechoulam R. Anefficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology. Life Sciences1995;56:2097-2102.
· Vinciguerra V, Moore T, Brennan E. Inhalationmarijuana as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy. New York State Journal ofMedicine 1988;88:525-527.
· Musty RE, Rossi R. Effects of smoked cannabisand oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on nausea and emesis after cancerchemotherapy: A review of state clinical trials. J Cannabis Ther2001;1(1):29-42.
· DoblinRE, Kleiman MA. Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey ofoncologists' experiences and attitudes. AmericanJournal of Clinical Oncology 1991; 9: 1314-1319.
o Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ. Marijuana toprevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: a survey of clinicaloncologists. South Medical Journal 1997;90(2):167-72.
Dronabinol
· UngerleiderJT, Andrysiak TA, Fairbanks LA, Tesler AS, Parker RG. Tetrahydrocannabinolvs. prochlorperazine. The effects of twoantiemetics on patients undergoing radiotherapy. Radiology1984;150(2):598-9.
· Lucraft HH, Palmer MK. Randomisedclinical trial of levonantradol and chlorpromazine in the prevention ofradiotherapy-induced vomiting. Clinical Radiology 1982; 33: 621-622.
· ZuttM, Hanssle H, Emmert S, Neumann C, Kretschmer L. [Dronabinol for supportivetherapy in patients with malignant melanoma and liver metastases] [Article inGerman]. Hautarzt 2006;57(5):423-7.
· Gonzalez-Rosales F, Walsh D. Intractable nauseaand vomiting due to gastrointestinal mucosal metastases relieved bytetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management1997;14(5):311-314.
· LayeequeR, Siegel E, Kass R, Henry-Tillman RS, Colvert M, Mancino A, Klimberg VS. Prevention of nausea and vomiting following breast surgery. Am J Surg2006;191(6):767-72.
· Lewis IH, Campbell DN, Barrowcliffe MP. Effectof nabilone on nausea and vomiting after total abdominal hysterectomy. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73: 244-246.
· deJong BC, Prentiss D, McFarland W, Machekano R, Israelski DM. Marijuana use and its association with adherence to antiretroviraltherapy among HIV-infected persons withmoderate to severe nausea. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2005;38(1):43-6.
· Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J,Dougherty A, Holdcroft A. Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medicalsymptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29(4):358-67.
· Sidney S. Marijuana use in HIV-positive andAIDS patients: Results of a an anonymous mail survey. J Cannabis Ther2001;1(3-4):35-43.
· Costiniuk CT, Mills E, Cooper CL. Evaluation oforal cannabinoid-containing medications for the management of interferon andribavirin-induced anorexia, nausea and weight loss in patients treated forchronic hepatitis C virus. Can J Gastroenterol 2008;22(4):376-80.
· Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ, Malibu Y. Cannabisuse improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated forhepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18(10):1057-63.
· Curry W-NL. Hyperemesis gravidarum and clinicalcannabis: To eat or not to eat? J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(3-4):63-83.
· Westfall RE, Janssen PA, Lucas P, Capler R.Survey of medicinal cannabis use among childbearing women: patterns of its usein pregnancy and retroactive self-assessment of its efficacy against 'morningsickness'. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2006;12(1):27-33.
· MerrimanAR, Oliak DA. Use of medical marijuana for treatment of severeintractable nausea after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: casereport. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 26 January 2008 [Electronic publication ahead ofprint])
· Soderpalm AH, Schuster A, de Wit H. Antiemeticefficacy of smoked marijuana: subjective and behavioral effects on nauseainduced by syrup of ipecac. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2001;69(3-4):343-50.
· BealJE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, Morales JP, Bellman P, Yangco B, Lefkowitz L,Plasse TF, Shepard KV. Dronabinol as a treatmentfor anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Painand Symptom Management 1995;10(2):89-97.
· Timpone JG, Wright DJ, Li N, Egorin MJ, EnamaME, Mayers J, Galetto G, and the DATRI 004 Study Group. The safety andpharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetateand dronabinol for the treatment of HIV wasting syndrome. AIDS Research andHuman Retroviruses 1997;13:305-315.
· Abrams DI, Hilton JF, Leiser RJ, Shade SB,Elbeik TA, Aweeka FT, Benowitz NL, Bredt BM, Kosel B, Aberg JA, Deeks SG,Mitchell TF, Mulligan K, Bacchetti P, McCune JM, Schambelan M. Short-termeffects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2003;139(4):258-66.
· Haney M, Rabkin J, Gunderson E, Foltin RW.Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloricintake and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;181(1):170-8.
· Haney M, Gunderson EW, Rabkin J, Hart CL,Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Foltin RW. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positivemarijuana smokers. Caloric intake, mood, and sleep. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;45(5):545-54.
· HaneyM, Rabkin J, Gunderson E, Foltin RW. Dronabinol andmarijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake andmood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;181(1):170-8.
· Haney M, Gunderson EW, Rabkin J, Hart CL,Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Foltin RW. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positivemarijuana smokers. Caloric intake, mood, and sleep. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;45(5):545-54.
· Gorter R, Seefried M, Volberding P. Dronabinoleffects on weight in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1992;6:127.
· Plasse TF, Gorter RW, Krasnow SH, Lane M,Shepard KV, Wadleigh RG. Recent clinical experience with dronabinol.Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1991;40:695-700.
· Plasse T, Conant M, Gorter R, Shepard KV.Dronabinol stimulates appetite and causes weight gain in HIV patients.International Conference on AIDS 1992;8(3):122 (abstract no. PuB 7442).
· Struwe M, Kaempfer SH, Geiger CJ, Pavia AT,Plasse TF, Shepard KV, Ries K, Evans TG. Effect of dronabinol on nutritionalstatus in HIV infection. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1993;27:827-831.
· Beal JE, Olson R, Lefkowitz L, Laubenstein L,Bellman P, Yangco B, Morales JO, Murphy R, Powderly W, Plasse TF, Mosdell KW,Shepard KV. Long-term efficacy and safety of dronabinol for acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome-associated anorexia. Journal of Pain and SymptomManagement 1997;14(1):7-14.
· Dejesus E, Rodwick BM, Bowers D, Cohen CJ,Pearce D. Use of dronabinol improves appetite and reverses weight loss inHIV/AIDS-infected patients. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 2007;6(2):95-100.
· PrentissD, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM. Patternsof marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health caresetting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;35(1):38-45.
· Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J,Dougherty A, Holdcroft A. Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medicalsymptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29(4):358-67.
· Sidney S. Marijuana use in HIV-positive andAIDS patients: Results of a an anonymous mail survey. J Cannabis Ther2001;1(3-4):35-43.
· JatoiA, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Dakhil SR, Mailliard JA, Pundaleeka S,Kardinal CG, Fitch TR, Krook JE, Novotny PJ, Christensen B. Dronabinol versusmegestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: aNorth Central Cancer Treatment Group study. Journalof Clinical Oncology 2002;20(2):567-573.
· RegelsonW, Butler JR, Schulz J, Kirk T, Peek L, Green ML, Zalis MO. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an effective antidepressant andappetite-stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In: Braude MC, SzaraS, editors. Pharmacology of marihuana. Vol 2. New York: Raven Press, 1976.p. 763-776.
· Wadleigh R, Spaulding GM, Lumbersky B, ZimmerM, Shepard K, Plasse T. Dronabinol enhancement of appetite in cancer patients.Proc Am Soc Oncology 1990; 9: 331.
o Strasser F, Luftner D, Possinger K, Ernst G,Ruhstaller T, Meissner W, Ko YD, Schnelle M, Reif M, Cerny T. Comparison oforally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intreating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: amulticenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinicaltrial from the Cannabis-in-Cachexia-Study-Group. J ClinOncol 2006;24(21):3394-400.
o Strasser F, Luftner D, Possinger K, Ernst G,Ruhstaller T, Meissner W, Ko YD, Schnelle M, Reif M, Cerny T. Comparison oforally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intreating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: amulticenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinicaltrial from the Cannabis-in-Cachexia-Study-Group. J ClinOncol 2006;24(21):3394-400.
· Plasse TF, Gorter RW, Krasnow SH, Lane M,Shepard KV, Wadleigh RG. Recent clinical experience with dronabinol. Pharmacology,Biochemistry and Behavior 1991;40:695-700.
· Nelson K, Walsh D, Deeter P, Sheehan F. A phaseII study of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for appetite stimulation incancer-associated anorexia. Journal of Palliative Care 1994;10:14-18.
· Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J,Volicer BJ. Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior inpatients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry1997;12:913-919.
· Patel S, Shua-Haim JR, Pass M. Safety andefficacy of dronabinol in the treatment of agitation in patients withAlzheimer’s disease with anorexia: A retrospective chart review. Abstract, 11thInternational Conference of the IPA, 17-22 August 2003, Chicago.
· Wilson MM, Philpot C, Morley JE. Anorexia ofaging in long term care: is dronabinol an effective appetite stimulant? - apilot study. J Nutr Health Aging 2007;11(2):195-8.
o GrossH, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, Hawks R, Zinberg N. Adouble-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa.Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology1983;3(3):165-171.
· BergmannK-C. [Dronabinol, a possible new therapeutic option in patientswith COPD and pulmonal cachexia] [Article in German]. Abstract, 2005 Conferenceof the German Society for Pneumology, 17 March 2005, Berlin.
· FoltinRW, Fishman MW, Brady JV. Behavioral analysis ofmarijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry andBehavior 1986;25:577-582.
· FoltinRW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF. Effects of smoked marijuanaon food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite 1988;11(1):1-14.
o KillesteinJ, Hoogervorst EL, Reif M, Kalkers NF, Van Loenen AC, Staats PG, Gorter RW,Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Safety, tolerability, andefficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology2002;58(9):1404-7.
· Petro DJ, Ellenberger C. Treatment of humanspasticity with D9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of ClinicalPharmacology 1981;(Suppl 21):413S-416S.
· UngerleiderJT, Andyrsiak T, Fairbanks L, Ellison GW, Myers LW. D9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associatedwith multiple sclerosis. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 1987;7:39-50.
· Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, VickeryJ, Nunn A, Thompson A, on behalf of the UK MS Research Group. Cannabinoids fortreatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMSstudy): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362(9385): 1517-1526.
· Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, Vickery PJ,Ingram WM, Reilly SM, Nunn AJ, Teare LJ, Fox PJ, Thompson AJ. Cannabinoids inmultiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months followup. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1664-9.
· Martyn CN, Illis LS, Thom J. Nabilone in thetreatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1995;345:579.
· Vaney C, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Jobin P,Tschopp F, Gattlen B, Hagen U, Schnelle M, Reif M.Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard antiemetic therapy.Efficacy,safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in thetreatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. MultipleSclerosis 2004;10(4):417-24.
· Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, House H, BatemanC. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects onsymptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlledstudy on 160 patients. Multiple Sclerosis 2004;10(4):434-41.
· Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, VickeryJ, Nunn A, Thompson A, on behalf of the UK MS Research Group. Cannabinoids fortreatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMSstudy): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362(9385): 1517-1526.
· Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, Vickery PJ,Ingram WM, Reilly SM, Nunn AJ, Teare LJ, Fox PJ, Thompson AJ. Cannabinoids inmultiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months followup. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1664-9.
· Wade DT, Makela PM, House H, Bateman C, RobsonP. Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticityand other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12(5):639-45.
· Collin C, Ambler Z, Kent R, McCalla R. Arandomised controlled study of Sativex® in patients with symptoms of spasticitydue to multiple sclerosis. 22nd Congress of the ECTRIMS, 27-30 September 2006,Madrid, Spain.
· Collin C, Davies P, Mutiboko IK, Ratcliffe S,for the Sativex Spasticity in MS Study Group. Randomized controlled trial ofcannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurology 2007;14(3):290–296.
· Meinck HM, Schönle PWA, Conrad B. Effect ofcannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Journal ofNeurology 1989;236:120-122.
v Greenberg HS, Werness SAS, Pugh JE, Andrus RO, Anderson DJ, Domino EF.Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiplesclerosis and normal volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics1994;55:324-328.
· Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Connor JM, Burket JA,Murphy ME, Fox FJ. Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosiswith an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocaltics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol. CNS Spectr2008;13(5):393-403.
· Consroe P, Musty R, Rein J, Tillery W, PertweeR. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiplesclerosis. European Neurology 1997;38:44-48.
· Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM, LevyJC. Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis. Can J NeurolSci 2003;30(3):201-5.
· Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, WinstockA, Silber E. Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler2006;12(5):646-51.
· Hanigan WC, Destree R, Truong XT. The effect ofD9-THC on human spasticity. Clinical Pharmacologyand Therapeutics 1986;39:198.
· Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in asingle case double-blind trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience1990;240:1-4.
· Hagenbach U, Luz S, Ghafoor N, Berger JM,Grotenhermen F, Brenneisen R, Mäder M. The treatment of spasticity withDelta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord2007;45(8):551-62.
· Kogel RW, Johnson PB, Chintam R, Robinson CJ,Nemchausky BA. Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with dronabinol, atetrahydrocannabinol derivative. American Journal of Therapeutics1995;2(10):799-805.
· Malec J, Harvey RF, Cayner JJ. Cannabis effect on spasticity inspinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation1982;63:116-118.
· Consroe P, Tillery W, Rein J, Musty RE.Reported Marijuana effects in patients with spinal cord injury. 1998 Symposiumon the Cannabinoids. Burlington: International Cannabinoid Research Society,1998, p. 64.
· Dunn M, Davis R. The perceived effects ofmarijuana on spinal cord injured males. Paraplegia 1974;12:175.
· Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. Apreliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extractscan improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilition 2003;17:18-26.
· Brenneisen R, Egli A, Elsohly MA, Henn V,Spiess Y. The effect of orally and rectally administereddelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients.International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics1996;34:446-452.
· Lorenz R. A casuistic rationale for thetreatment of spastic and myocloni in a childhood neurodegenerative disease:neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis of the type Jansky-Bielschowsky. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2002;23(5-6):387-90.
· PetroDJ. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm orspasticity. Psychosomatics 1980;21:81-85.
· Randall RC, ed. MuscleSpasm, Pain & Marijuana Therapy. Washington, DC: Galen Press, 1991.
· Brenneisen R, Egli A, Elsohly MA, Henn V,Spiess Y. The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolon spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients. International Journal of ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics 1996;34:446-452.
· Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A.Delta-9-THC shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case doubleblind trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience1990;240:1-4.
· Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. Apreliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extractscan improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilitation2003;17:18-26.
· Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of twocannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain frombrachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004;112(3):299-306.
· SvendsenKB, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Does the cannabinoiddronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blindplacebo controlled crossover trial. BMJ 2004;329(7460):253.
· WisselJ, Haydn T, Müller J, Brenneis C, Berger T, Poewe W, Schelosky LD. Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantlyreduces spasticity-related pain : adouble-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J Neurol2006;253(10):1337-41.
o Frank B, Serpell MG, Hughes J, Matthews JN,Kapur D. Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabiloneand dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, doubleblind study. BMJ2008;336(7637):199-201.
· Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. Apreliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extractscan improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilitation2003;17:18-26.
· Berman J, Lee J, Cooper M, Cannon A, Sach J,McKerral S, Taggart M, Symonds C, Fishel K, Birch R. Efficacy of twocannabis-based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain frombrachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial.Anaesthesia, 2003;58:938.
· Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA. Randomized,controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiplesclerosis. Neurology 2005;65(6):812-9.
o Ernst G, Denke C, Reif M, Schnelle M,Hagmeister H. Standardized cannabis extract in the treatment of postherpeticneuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study.IACM 3rd Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, 9-10 September 2005, Leiden,International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.
· Nurmikko TJ, Serpell MG, Hoggart B, Toomey PJ,Morlion BJ, Haines D. Sativex successfully treats neuropathic paincharacterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlledclinical trial. Pain2007;133(1-3):210-20.
· Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H,Press S, Kelly ME, Rowbotham MC, Petersen KL. Cannabis in painfulHIV-associated sensory neuropathy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.Neurology 2007;68(7):515-21.
· Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, Millman J,Bentley H, Gouaux B, Fishman S. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossovertrial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain. J Pain 2008;9(6):506-21.
o Lindstrom P, Lindblom U, Boreus L. Lack ofeffect of cannabidiol in sustained neuropathia. Paper presented at '87 InternationalConference on Cannabis, Melbourne, September 2-4, 1987. Cited from: Consroe P,Sandyk R. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders.In: Murphy L, Bartke A, eds. Marijuana/Cannabinoids.Neurobiology and Neurophysiology. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1992:459-524.
· Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L,Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathicpain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(13):1757-62.
o Clermont-Gnamien S, Atlani S, Attal N, LeMercier F, Guirimand F, Brasseur L. [The therapeutic use ofD9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) in refractory neuropathic pain] [Articlein French] Presse Med 2002;31(39 Pt 1):1840-5.
· Finnegan-Ling D, Musty RE. Marinoland phantom limb pain; a case study. In: 1994Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington, Vermont:International Cannabinoid Research Society, p. 53.
o Attal N, Brasseur L, Guirimand D,Clermond-Gnamien S, Atlami S, Bouhassira D. Are oral cannabinoids safe andeffective in refractory neuropathic pain? Eur JPain 2004;8:173–177.
Cannabis(oral, sublingual)
· Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Young CA.Oromucosal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic painassociated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-yearextension trial. Clin Ther 2007;29(9):2068-79.
· Dunn M, Davis R. The perceived effects of marijuana on spinal cordinjured males. Paraplegia 1974;12:175.
· Consroe P, Musty R, Rein J, Tillery W, Pertwee R. The perceived effectsof smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. European Neurology1997;38:44-48.
· Petro DJ. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent formuscle spasm or spasticity. Psychosomatics 1980;21:81-85.
· Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM, LevyJC. Cannabis use as described by people with multiplesclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2003;30(3):201-5.
· PrentissD, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM. Patternsof marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health caresetting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;35(1):38-45.
· Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J,Dougherty A, Holdcroft A. Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medicalsymptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29(4):358-67.
· Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, WinstockA, Silber E. Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler2006;12(5):646-51.
· Noyes R, Brunk SF, Baram DA, Canter A.Analgesic effects of delta-9-THC. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology1975;15:139-143.
· Noyes R, Brunk ST, Avery DH, Canter A. The analgesicproperties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clinical Pharmacologyand Therapeutics 1975;18:84-89.
o Johnson JR, Potts R. Cannabis-based medicinesin the treatment of cancer pain: a randomised, double-blind, parallel group,placebo controlled, comparative study of the efficacy, safety and tolerabilityof Sativex and Tetranabinex in patients with cancer-related pain. British PainSociety; 2005 March 8-11; Edinburgh, Scotland.
· Johnson JR, Potts R. Cannabis-based medicinesin the treatment of cancer pain: a randomised, double-blind, parallel group,placebo controlled, comparative study of the efficacy, safety and tolerabilityof Sativex and Tetranabinex in patients with cancer-related pain. British Pain Society; 2005 March 8-11; Edinburgh, Scotland.
o Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes JrR. Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain. ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics 1978;24:223-7.
· Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of anitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics1978;23:397-401.
· Butler JR Peek LA Regelson W Moore MM Lubin LA. Treatment effects of delta-9-THC in an advanced cancerpopulation. In: Cohen S, Stillman RC, eds. The therapeutic potential of marihuana.Plenum Medical Book, New York 1976.
· Maida V. The synthetic cannabinoid nabiloneimproves pain and symptom management in cancer patients. Abstract of SanAntonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 15 December 2006.
· Maida V, Ennis M, Irani S, Corbo M, DolzhykovM. Adjunctive nabilone in cancer pain and symptom management: a prospectiveobservational study using propensity scoring. J Support Oncol 2008;6(3):119-24.
· Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS.Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of acannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoidarthritis. Rheumatology(Oxford) 2006;45(1):50-2.
· Skrabek RQ, Galimova L, Ethans K,Perry D. Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. J Pain2008;9(2):164-73.
· Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G,Schmelz M, Konrad C, Rukwied R. Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgiapatients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief.Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22(7):1269-1276.
Fallberichte, Umfragen
Cannabis (geraucht)
· Fiz J, Duran M, Langohr K, Capellà D, Farré M. Symptoms relief andimproved mental health in fibromyalgia patients using cannabis. Results of anobservational study. IACM 4th Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, 5-6October 2007, Cologne, International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.
· Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S,Phillips C, Simmons S, Sansom C. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts ofcannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies. Anaesthesia 2004;59(5):440-52.
· Narang S, Gibson D, Wasan AD, Ross EL, MichnaE, Nedeljkovic SS, Jamison RN. Efficacy of dronabinol as an adjuvant treatmentfor chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. J Pain 2008;9(3):254-64.
· Holdcroft A, Smith M, Jacklin A, Hodgson H,Smith B, Newton M, Evans F. Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familialMediterranean fever. Anaesthesia 1997;52:483-488.
· Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S,Phillips C, Simmons S, Sansom C. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts ofcannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies. Anaesthesia2004;59(5):440-52.
· Ware MA, Ducruet T, Robinson AR. Evaluation of herbal cannabis characteristics by medical users: arandomized trial. Harm Reduct J 2006;3(1):32
· Pinsger M, Schimetta W, Volc D, Hiermann E,Riederer F, Polz W. [Benefits of an add-on treatment with the syntheticcannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain - a randomizedcontrolled trial.] [Artikel in deutsch] Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006;118(11-12):327-35.
UnkontrollierteStudien
Nabilon
· Hamann W, di Vadi PP. Analgesic effect of thecannabinoid analogue nabilone is not mediated by opioid receptors. Lancet 1999;353(9152):560.
· Elsner F, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R. [Tetrahydrocannabinol for treatmentof chronic pain] [Article in German]. Schmerz2001;15(3):200-4.
· Noyes R, Baram DA. Cannabis analgesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry1974:15:531-535.
· Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis use for chronicnon-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain 2003;102(1-2):211-216.
· Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis reduces opioid dose in the treatment ofchronic non-cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25(6):496-8.
· Howard J, Anie KA, Holdcroft A, Korn S, DaviesSC. Cannabis use in sickle cell disease: a questionnaire study. Br J Haematol2005;131(1):123-8.
· Russo EB, Mathre ML, Byrne A, Velin R, Bach PJ,Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Chronic cannabis use in the CompassionateInvestigational New Drug Program: An examination of benefits and adverseeffects of legal clinical cannabis. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(1):3-57.
o Raft D, Gregg J, Ghia J, Harris L. Effects ofintravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain:psychological correlates of the analgesic response. Clinical Pharmacology andTherapeutics 1977;21:26-33.
o Buggy DJ, Toogood L, Maric S, Sharpe P, LambertDG, Rowbotham DJ. Lack of analgesic efficacy of oraldelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain. Pain 2003;106(1-2):169-72.
o Seeling W, Kneer L, Buchele B, Gschwend JE,Maier L, Nett C, Simmet T, Steffen P, Schneider M, Rockemann M.[(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and the opioid receptoragonist piritramide do not act synergistically in postoperative pain.] [Article in German]. Anaesthesist2006;55(4):391-400.
· Holdcroft A, Maze M, Dore C, Tebbs S, ThompsonS. A multicenter dose-escalation study of the analgesic and adverse effects ofan oral cannabis extract (Cannador) for postoperative pain management.Anesthesiology 2006;104(5):1040-1046.
o Beaulieu P. Effects of nabilone, a syntheticcannabinoid, on postoperative pain. Can J Anaesth 2006;53(8):769-75.
· Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon FG, Smith G.Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperativepain. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology1981;21(suppl 8-9):S320-S326.
· Kantor TG, Hopper M. A study of levonantradol,a cannabinol derivative, for analgesia in post operative pain. Pain 1981; (suppl): S37.
o NaefM, Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zbinden A, Brenneisen R. Theanalgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and aTHC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental painconditions. Pain 2003;105(1-2):79-88.
· Roberts JD, Gennings C, Shih M. Synergisticaffective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol andmorphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;530(1-2):54-8.
o Redmond WJ, Goffaux P, Potvin S, MarchandS. Analgesic and antihyperalgesiceffects of nabilone on experimental heat pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(4):1017-24.
· GreenwaldMK, Stitzer ML Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smokedmarijuana in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;59(3):261-75.
· Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T,Lazzaretto D, Bentley H, Gouaux B, Abramson I. Dose-dependent effects of smokedcannabis on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 2007;107(5):785-796.
Unkontrollierte Studien
Cannabis (geraucht)
o Hill SY, Schwin R, Goodwin DW, Powell B.Marihuana and pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1974;188:415-8.
o Clark WC, Janal MN, Zeidenberg P, Nahas GG. Effects of moderate and high dosesof marihuana on thermal pain: a sensory decision theory analysis. J ClinPharmacol 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):299S-310S.
· Raby WN, Modica PA, Wolintz RJ, Murtaugh K. Dronabinol reduces signs andsymptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a case report. J OculPharmacol Ther 2006;22(1):68-75.
· Mortati K, Dworetzky B, Devinsky O. Marijuana: an effectiveantiepileptic treatment in partial epilepsy? A case report and review of the literature.Rev Neurol Dis 2007;4(2):103-6.
· Raby WN, Modica PA, Wolintz RJ, Murtaugh K. Dronabinol reduces signs andsymptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a case report. J OculPharmacol Ther 2006;22(1):68-75.
· Russo EB. Hemp for headache:An in-depth historical and scientific review of cannabis in migraine treatment.J Cannabis Ther 2001;1(2):21-92.
· CarterGT, Rosen BS. Marijuana in the management of amyotrophiclateral sclerosis. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2001;18(4):264-70.
· AmtmannD, Weydt P, Johnson KL, Jensen MP, Carter GT. Surveyof cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J HospPalliat Care 2004;21(2):95-104.
· Hagenbach U, Ghafoor N, Brenneisen R, Luz S,Mäder M. Clinical investigation of D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) as an alternative therapy for overactive bladders in spinal cord injury(SCI) patients? Abstract, 2001 Congress on Cannabis and the Cannabinoids,International Association for Cannabis as Medicine, 25-27 October 2001,Cologne, Germany.
· Brady CM, DasGupta R, Dalton C, Wiseman OJ,Berkley KJ, Fowler CJ. An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts forbladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis2004;10(4):425-33.
· de Ridder D, Constantinescu CS,Fowler C, KaviaR, Sarantis N. Randomised controlled study of cannabis-based medicine(Sativex®) in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis associated detrusoroveractivity. 22nd Congress of the ECTRIMS, 27-30 September 2006, Madrid,Spain.
· Esfandyari T, Camilleri M, Busciglio I, Burton D,Baxter K, Zinsmeister AR. Effects of a cannabinoidreceptor agonist on colonic motor and sensory functions in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlledstudy. Am JPhysiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007;293(1):G137-45.
· Russo E. Cannabis treatments in obstetrics andgynecology: A historical review. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(3-4):5-35.
· Clifford DB. Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor inmultiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 1983;13:669-671.
o Fox P, Bain PG, Glickman S, Carroll C, ZajicekJ. The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62(7):1105-9.
o Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR,Brotchie JM. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess thepotential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia.Movement Disorders 2002;17(1):145-149.
· Snider SR, Consroe P. Treatment of Meige'ssyndrome with cannabidiol. Neurology 1984;34(Suppl):147.
· Sandyk R, Snider SR, Consroe P, Elias SM.Cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. Psychiatry Research 1986;18:291.
· Consroe P, Sandyk R, Snider SR. Open labelevaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. International Journal ofNeuroscience 1986;30:277-282.
· SieradzanKA, Fox SH, Dick J, Brotchie JM. The effects of thecannabinoid receptor agonist nabilone on L-DOPA induced dyskinesia in patientswith idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Movement Disorders 1998;13(Suppl 2):29.
· Gilson I, Busalacchi M. Marijuana forintractable hiccups. Lancet 1998; 351(9098): 267.
· Müller-VahlKR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35(2):57-61.
· Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, TheloeK, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) iseffective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomizedtrial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64(4):459-65.
· Müller-VahlKR, Schneider U, Kolbe H, Emrich HM. Treatment ofTourette-Syndrome with delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. American Journal ofPsychiatry 1999;156:495.
· Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Connor JM, Burket JA,Murphy ME, Fox FJ. Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosiswith an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocaltics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol. CNS Spectr2008;13(5):393-403.
· Müller-VahlKR, Schneider U, Emrich HM. Combined treatment ofTourette syndrome with delta-9-THC and dopamine receptor agonists. J CannabisTher 2002;2(3-4):145-54.
· Müller-VahlKR, Kolbe H, Schneider U, Emrich HM. Cannabinoids: Possiblerole in pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette-syndrome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1998;97:1-5.
· Sandyk R, Awerbuch G. Marijuana and Tourette'sSyndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988;8:444-445.
· Hemming M, Yellowlees PM. Effective treatmentof Tourette's syndrome with marijuana. J Psychopharmacol 1993; 7: 389-91.
· AharonovichE, Garawi F, Bisaga A, Brooks D, Raby WN, Rubin E, Nunes EV, Levin FR. Concurrent cannabis use during treatment for comorbid ADHD and cocainedependence: effects on outcome. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006;32(4):629-35.
· Strohbeck-Kuehner P, Skopp G, Mattern R.[Fitness to drive in spite (because) of THC] [Article in German]. Arch Kriminol2007;220(1-2):11-9.
· Strohbeck-Kuehner P, Skopp G, Mattern R.[Fitness to drive in spite (because) of THC] [Article in German]. Arch Kriminol2007;220(1-2):11-9.
· O'Connell TJ, Bou-Matar CB. Long term marijuanausers seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): demographics, socialcharacteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduct J 2007;4:16.
· Schindler F,Anghelescu I, Regen F, Jockers-Scherubl M. Improvement in refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder with dronabinol. Am J Psychiatry2008;165(4):536-7.
o Carroll CB, Bain PG, Teare L, Liu X, Joint C, WroathC, Parkin SG, Fox P, Wright D, HobartJ, Zajicek JP. Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomizeddouble-blind crossover study. Neurology 2004;63(7):1245-50.
o Frankel JP, Hughes A, Lees AJ, Stern GM.Marijuana for Parkinsonian tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery andPsychiatry 1990;53:436.
o Consroe P, Laguna J,Allender J, Snider S, Stern L, Sandyk R, Kennedy K, Schram K. Controlled clincal trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease.Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 1991;40(3):701-8.
v Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U,Emrich HM. Nabilone deteriorates choreatic movements inHuntington`s disease. Movement Disorders 1999b;14:1038-40.
o Maas AI, Murray G, Henney H 3rd, Kassem N, LegrandV, Mangelus M, Muizelaar JP, Stocchetti N, Knoller N; Pharmos TBIinvestigators. Efficacy and safetyof dexanabinol in severe traumatic brain injury: results of a phase IIIrandomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Lancet Neurol2006;5(1):38-45.
· Raby WN, Modica PA, WolintzRJ, Murtaugh K. Dronabinol reduces signs and symptoms of idiopathicintracranial hypertension: a case report. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther2006;22(1):68-75.
· Szepietowski JC, Szepietowski T, Reich A. Efficacy and tolerance of thecream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in thetreatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat2005;13(2):97-103.
· Ständer S, Reinhardt HW,Luger TA. [Topical cannabinoid agonists: An effective new possibility for treatingchronic pruritus.] [Article in German]. Hautarzt2006;57(9):801-7.
· Neff GW, O'Brien CB,Reddy KR, Bergasa NV, Regev A, Molina E, Amaro R, Rodriguez MJ, Chase V, Jeffers L, Schiff E.Preliminary observation with dronabinol in patients with intractable pruritussecondary to cholestatic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(8):2117-9.
· CunhaJM, Carlini EA, Pereira AE, Ramos OL, Pimentel C, Gagliardi R, Sanvito WL,Lander N, Mechoulam R. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthyvolunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology 1980;21(3):175-85.
· Consroe PF, Wood GC, Buchsbaum H. Anticonvulsant nature of marihuanasmoking. JAMA 1975;234(3):306-7.
o Ames FR, Cridland S.: Anticonvulsant effect ofcannabidiol [letter]. South African Medical Journal 1986;69:14.
o Trembly B, Sherman M. Double-blind clinicalstudy of cannabidiol as a secondary anticonvulsant. Conference on Cannabis andCannabinoids, Kolympari/Crete, July 1990, cited according to: Consroe P, SandykR. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders. In:Murphy L, Bartke A, eds. Marijuana/Cannabinoids, Neurobiology andNeurophysiology. BocaRaton: CRC Press 1992, 459-524. [Kommentar: Kein Effekt von Cannabidiol (300 mg/Tag) bei 10Patienten.]
· Trembly B, Sherman M. Double-blind clinicalstudy of cannabidiol as a secondary anticonvulsant. Conference on Cannabis andCannabinoids, Kolympari/Crete, July 1990, cited according to: Consroe P, SandykR. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders. In:Murphy L, Bartke A, eds. Marijuana/Cannabinoids, Neurobiology andNeurophysiology. BocaRaton: CRC Press 1992, 459-524. [Kommentar: Reduzierung der Anfallhäufigkeit mit Cannabidiol (900- 1200 mg/Tag) bei einem Patienten.]
· Corral VL. Differential effects of medicalmarijuana based on strain and route of administration: A three-yearobservational study. J Cannabis Ther 2001;1(3-4):43-59.
· CrawfordWJ, Merritt JC. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial andintraocular hypertension. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacololgy andBiopharmacy 1979;17(5):191-196.
· Merritt JC, Crawford WJ, Alexander PC, AnduzeAL, Gelbart SS. Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure inglaucoma. Ophthalmology 1980;87(3):222-8.
· Tomida I, Azuara-Blanco A, House H, Flint M,Pertwee RG, Robson PJ. Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids onintraocular pressure: a pilot study. J Glaucoma 2006;15(5):349-353.
o Tomida I, Azuara-Blanco A, House H, Flint M,Pertwee RG, Robson PJ. Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids onintraocular pressure: a pilot study. J Glaucoma 2006;15(5):349-353.
· Hepler RS, Frank IM, Petrus R. Ocular effectsof marijuana smoking. In: Braude MC, Szara S, eds. The pharmacology ofmarihuana. Raven Press: New York: 1976;815-828.
· Russo EB, Mathre ML, Byrne A, Velin R, Bach PJ,Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Chronic cannabis use in the CompassionateInvestigational New Drug Program: An examination of benefits and adverseeffects of legal clinical cannabis. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(1):3-57.
o Merritt JC, Perry DD, Russell DN, Jones BF.Topical delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aqueous dynamics in glaucoma. Journalof Clinical Pharmacololgy 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):467S-471S.
· Cooler P, Gregg JM. Effect ofdelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in humans. SouthernMedical Journal 1977;70(8):951-954.
· Jones RT, Benowitz N, Herning RI.The clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. Journal ofClinical Pharmacology 1981;21:143S-152S.
o Levitt M, Wilson A, Bowman D, Kemel S, KrepartG, Marks V, Schipper H, Thomson G, Weinerman B, Weinerman R. Physiologicobservations in a controlled clinical trial of the antiemetic effectiveness of5, 10, and 15 mg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cancer chemotherapy.Ophthalmologic implications. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):103S-109S.
· Perez-Reyes M, Wagner D, Wall ME. Davis KH.Intravenous administration of cannabinoids and intraocular pressure. In: Braude MC, Szara S, ed. Pharmacology of marihuana.New York: Raven Press, 1976;829-832.
· Plange N, Arend KO, Kaup M, Doehmen B, Adams H,Hendricks S, Cordes A, Huth J, Sponsel WE, Remky A. Dronabinol and retinalhemodynamics in humans. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143(1):173-4.
· HeplerRS, Frank IM. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure.Journal of the American Medical Association 1971;217:1392.
· Flom MC, Adams AJ, Jones RT. Marijuana smokingand reduced intraocular pressure in human eye: Drug action or epiphenomenon?Investigative Ophthalmology 1975;14:52-55.
· Hepler R S, Frank I M, Petrus R. Ocular effectsof marijuana smoking. In: Braude MC, Szara S, eds. The pharmacology ofmarihuana. New York: Raven Press, 1976;815-828.
· Russo EB, Merzouki A, Molero Mesa J, Frey KA, BachPJ. Cannabis improves night vision: A pilot study of darkadaptometry and scotopic sensitivity in kif smokers of the Rif Mountains ofNorthern Morocco. JEthnopharmacol 2004;93(1):99-104.
· RussoEB, Merzouki A, Molero Mesa J, Frey KA, Bach PJ. Cannabisimproves night vision: A pilot study of dark adaptometry and scotopicsensitivity in kif smokers of the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol2004;93(1):99-104.
· TashkinDP, Reiss S, Shapiro BJ, Calvarese B, Olsen JL, Lodge JW. Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthyand asthmatic subjects. American Review of RespiratoryDisease 1977;115(1):57-65.
· Williams SJ, Hartley JP, Graham JD.Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol ofasthmatic patients. Thorax 1976;31(6):720-723.
· TashkinDP, Shapiro BJ, Lee YE, Harper CE. Effects of smokedmarijuana in experimentally induced asthma. American Review of RespiratoryDisease 1975;112(3):377-386.
· Vachon L, Mikus P, Morrissey W, FitzGerald M,Gaensler E. Bronchial effect of marihuana smoke in asthma. In: Braude MC, Szara S, eds. The pharmacology of marihuana. Raven Press:New York: 1976;777-784.
o Gong H Jr, Tashkin DP, Calvarese B. Comparisonof bronchial effects of nabilone and terbutaline in healthy and asthmaticsubjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983;23(4):127-133
· TashkinDP, Shapiro BJ, Frank IM. Acute effects of smokedmarijuana and oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductancein asthmatic subjects. American Reviewfor Respiratory Diseases. 1974 Apr;109(4):420-8.
· TashkinDP, Shapiro BJ, Frank IM. Acute effects of smokedmarijuana and oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductancein asthmatic subjects. American Reviewfor Respiratory Diseases 1974 Apr;109(4):420-8.
· GongH Jr, Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Calvarese B, Shapiro BJ. Acuteand subacute bronchial effects of oral cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacology andTherapeutics 1984;35(1):26-32.
· Tashkin DP, Reiss S, Shapiro BJ, Calvarese B,Olsen JL, Lodge JW. Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects. American Review ofRespiratory Disease 1977;115(1):57-65.
· Gong H Jr, Tashkin DP, Calvarese B. Comparisonof bronchial effects of nabilone and terbutaline in healthy and asthmaticsubjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983;23(4):127-133.
· GuzmánM, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, Ravina J, Rosa MC, Galve-Roperh I, Sánchez C, VelascoG, González-Feria L. A pilot clinical study of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inpatients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br JCancer 2006;95(2):197-203.
· Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J,Volicer BJ. Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbedbehavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal ofGeriatric Psychiatry 1997;12:913-919.
· Patel S, Shua-Haim JR, Pass M. Safety andefficacy of dronabinol in the treatment of agitation in patients withAlzheimer’s disease with anorexia: A retrospective chart review. Abstract, 11thInternational Conference of the IPA, 17-22 August 2003, Chicago.
· Ross JS, Shua-Haim JR. Open-label study ofdronabinol in the treatment of refractory agitation in Alzheimer’s disease: apilot study. Abstract, ASCP's 34th Annual Meeting, 12-15 November 2003, SanAntonio, USA.
· Walther S, Mahlberg R, Eichmann U, Kunz D.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for nighttime agitation in severe dementia.Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;185(4):524-8.
· Leweke FM, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM,Schreiber D, Hänsel A, Neatby MA, Juelicher A, Hellmich M, Klosterkötter J.Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic. A double-blind, controlled clinicaltrial on cannabidiol vs. amisulpride in acute schizophrenia. IACM 3rdConference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, 9-10 September 2005, Leiden,International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.
o Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Dursun SM, Morais SL,Faria Sanches R, Musty RE, Crippa JA. Cannabidiol monotherapy fortreatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20(5):683-6.
· Zuardi AW, Morais SL, Guimarães FS, MechoulamR. Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry1995;56:485-486.
· GrinspoonL, Bakalar JB. The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer inbipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. Journalof Psychoactive Drugs 1998;30(2):171-7.
o El-Mallakh RS, Brown C. The effect of extrememarijuana use on the long-term course of bipolar I illness: a single casestudy. JPsychoactive Drugs 2007;39(2):201-2.
· RegelsonW, Butler JR, Schulz J, Kirk T, Peek L, Green ML, Zalis MO. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an effective antidepressant andappetite-stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In: Braude MC, SzaraS, editors. Pharmacology of marihuana. Vol 2. New York: Raven Press, 1976.p. 763-776.
· Ware MA, Adams H, Guy GW. The medicinal use ofcannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey. Int J Clin Pract2005;59(3):291-5.
· Mikuriya TH. Cannabis substitution. Anadjunctive therapeutic tool in the treatment of alcoholism. Medical Times1970;98(4):187-91.
· Mikuriya TH. Cannabis as a substitute foralcohol: a harm-reduction approach. J Cannabis Ther 2004;4(1):79-93.
o Hermann D, Klages E, Welzel H, Mann K,Croissant B. Low efficacy of non-opioid drugs in opioid withdrawal symptoms.Addict Biol 2005;10(2):165-9.
· O'Connell TJ, Bou-Matar CB. Long term marijuanausers seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): demographics, socialcharacteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduct J 2007;4:16.
· AharonovichE, Garawi F, Bisaga A, Brooks D, Raby WN, Rubin E, Nunes EV, Levin FR. Concurrent cannabis use during treatment for comorbid ADHD and cocainedependence: effects on outcome. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006;32(4):629-35.
· Labigalini E Jr, Rodrigues LR, Da Silveira DX.Therapeutic use of cannabis by crack addicts in Brazil. J Psychoactive Drugs1999;31(4):451-5.
· Dreher M. Crack heads and roots daughters: Thetherapeutic use of cannabis in Jamaica. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(3-4):121-33.
· Haney M, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, Nasser J, BennettA, Zubaran C, Foltin RW. Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC ordivalproex. Neuropsychopharmacology2004;29(1):158-70.
· LevinFR, Kleber HD. Use of dronabinol for cannabis dependence: twocase reports and review. Am J Addict 2008;17(2):161-4.
· Nicholson AN, Turner C, Stone BM, Robson PJ.Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep andearly-morning behavior in young adults. J Clin Psychopharmacol2004;24(3):305-13.
· GrinspoonL, Bakalar JB. Marihuana, the forbidden medicine. Rev. andexp. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1997.
· Randall RC, O'Leary AM. Marijuana Rx: Thepatients' fight for medicinal pot. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press; 1998.
· Corral VL. Differential effects of medicalmarijuana based on strain and route of administration: A three-yearobservational study. J Cannabis Ther 2001;1(3-4):43-59.
· Grotenhermen F, Schnelle M. Survey on themedical use of cannabis and THC in Germany. J Cannabis Ther 2003;3(2):17-40.
· Gieringer D. Medical use of cannabis:Experience in California. In: Grotenhermen F, Russo E,editors. Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology,toxicology, and therapeutic potential. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press; 2001. p.153-70.
· Ware MA, Adams H, Guy GW. The medicinal use ofcannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey. Int J Clin Pract2005;59(3):291-5.
· Russo EB, Mathre ML, Byrne A, Velin R, Bach PJ,Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Chronic cannabis use in the CompassionateInvestigational New Drug Program: An examination of benefits and adverseeffects of legal clinical cannabis. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(1):3-57.
· O'Connell TJ, Bou-Matar CB. Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California(2001-2007): demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis andother drug use of 4117 applicants. HarmReduct J 2007;4:16.